Z-Track Injection | Definition and Patient Education (2024)

Overview

When a medication is injected directly into muscle, it is called an intramuscular injection (IM). The Z-track method is a type of IM injection technique used to prevent tracking (leakage) of the medication into the subcutaneous tissue (underneath the skin).

During the procedure, skin and tissue are pulled and held firmly while a long needle is inserted into the muscle. After the medication is injected, the skin and tissue are released. When you insert a needle into the tissues, it leaves a very small hole, or track. Small amounts of medication can sometimes leak backwards through this track and be absorbed into other tissues. Pulling the skin and tissue before the injection causes the needle track to take the shape of the letter “Z,” which gives the procedure its name. This zigzag track line is what prevents medication from leaking from the muscle into surrounding tissue.

The procedure is usually administered by a nurse or doctor. In some cases, you may be instructed how to perform Z-track injections on yourself at home. You may also need the help of a caregiver, friend or family member to administer the injection.

Side effects can include swelling and injection discomfort. However, Z-track injection is usually less painful than a traditional IM injection.

The Z-track method is not often recommended, but can be particularly useful with medication that must be absorbed by muscle to work. It also helps to prevent medication from seeping into the subcutaneous tissue and ensures a full dosage. Some medications are dark colored and can cause staining of the skin. If this is a side effect of the medication you will be taking, the doctor may recommend using this technique to prevent injection site discoloration or lesions.

Z-track injections can be performed at any intramuscular injection location, though the thigh and buttocks are the most common sites.

  • Thigh (vastus lateralis muscle): Divide the upper thigh in thirds. Use the middle third, on the outside or middle of the muscle for the injection.
  • Hip (ventrogluteal): Place the heel of your hand on the head of the greater trochanter (hip bone) with your thumb pointing toward the abdomen. Extend your index finger up to the anterior superior iliac spine then spread your other fingers back along the iliac crest. Insert the needle in the “V” formed between your index and third fingers.

It is important that the correct size needle is used. Your healthcare team will advise you on which needle and syringe to use, taking your weight, build, and age into consideration. You may also be asked about preexisting conditions. Be sure to tell your doctor if you have a bleeding disorder. In an adult, the most commonly used needles are one inch or one and a half inches long, and 22 to 25 gauge thick. Smaller needles are typically used when injecting a child.

  1. Wash your hands with soap and warm water. This will help to prevent potential infection. Be sure to thoroughly scrub between fingers, on the backs of hands, and under fingernails. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends lathering for 20 seconds – the time it takes to sing the “Happy Birthday” song twice.
  2. Gather the necessary supplies:
    • needle and syringe with medication
    • alcohol pads
    • gauze
    • puncture-resistant container to discard the used needles and syringe (typically a red, plastic “sharp’s container”)
    • bandages
  3. Clean the injection site. Clean the injection site with an alcohol pad to minimize the possibility of infection. Allow the area to air dry for a few minutes.
  4. Relax the muscle to be injected. Get into a comfortable position so that your muscle is as relaxed as possible. This may be lying down on your stomach or bending over a chair or counter, or sitting (if self-injecting into your thigh).
  5. Prepare the syringe with medication.
    • Remove the cap. If the vial is multi-dose, take a note about when the vial was first opened. The rubber stopper should be cleaned with an alcohol swab.
    • Draw air into the syringe. Draw back the plunger to fill the syringe with air up to the dose that you will be injecting. This is done because the vial is a vacuum and you need to add an equal amount of air to regulate the pressure. This makes it easier to draw the medication into the syringe. Don’t worry; if you forget this step, you can still get the medication out of the vial.
    • Insert air into the vial. Remove the cap from the needle and push the needle through the rubber stopper at the top of the vial. Inject all the air into the vial. Be careful to not touch the needle to keep it clean.
    • Withdraw the medication. Turn the vial and syringe upside down so the needle points upward. Then pull back on the plunger to withdraw the correct amount of medication.
    • Remove any air bubbles. Tap the syringe to push any bubbles to the top and gently depress the plunger to push the air bubbles out.
  6. Insert the needle. Useone hand to pull downward on your skin and fatty tissue. Hold it firmly about an inch away (2.54 cm) from the muscle. In the other hand, hold the needle at a 90-degree angle and insert it quickly and deeply enough to penetrate your muscle.
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  8. Inject the medication. If there is no blood in the syringe, push on the plunger to inject the medication slowly into the muscle.
  9. Create Z-track. Keep the needle in place for about 10 seconds before taking it out. After you’ve removed the needle, release your hold on the skin and tissue. This disrupts the hole that the needle left in the tissues and prevents the medication from leaking out of the muscle.
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  11. Apply pressure to the site. Use gauze to apply gentle pressure to the site for a moment. A small bandage may be used if you are bleeding.

Note: Never massage the site of your Z-track injection. This may cause the medication to leak. It may also cause irritation.

Z-track injection is generally considered a common and safe procedure. Mild side effects include swelling, site pain, and bruising. Less common, but more serious risks include:

  • formation of abscess
  • infection – redness, swelling, warmth or drainage
  • damage to tissues, nerves, blood vessels, or bones
  • hemorrhage, especially in people with bleeding disorders

If you notice any unusual side effects or signs of an infection, promptly notify your physician.

Z-Track Injection | Definition and Patient Education (2024)

FAQs

Z-Track Injection | Definition and Patient Education? ›

The Z-track method is a type of IM injection technique used to prevent tracking (leakage) of the medication into the subcutaneous tissue (underneath the skin). During the procedure, skin and tissue are pulled and held firmly while a long needle is inserted into the muscle.

What is the Z-track method of injection? ›

What Is the Z-Track Method? The Z-track method is a technique in which the provider slightly pulls and holds pressure on the skin when giving an injection, which leaves a zigzag path behind when they remove the needle and release the skin. The Z-track method is used when giving an intramuscular injection.

When administering a Z-track injection, it is critically important to ________.? ›

It is important for the patient not to move during the injection. Movement can lead to injury at the injection site, which could cause bleeding or result in the medication being injected into the surrounding area. If enters the bloodstream, it could cause abnormally rapid absorption of the medication.

What steps should the nurse take when administering a Z-track injection select all that apply? ›

Here is a step-by-step guide for nurses on how to perform the Z-Track Method:
  1. Prepare the injection site and equipment: ...
  2. Draw up the medication: ...
  3. Displace the skin and subcutaneous tissue: ...
  4. Administer the injection: ...
  5. Withdraw the needle and release the skin: ...
  6. Apply pressure and dispose of the equipment:

When administering an IM injection, when should the nurse use the Z-track technique? ›

THE Z-TRACK METHOD of I.M. injection prevents leakage of irritating and discoloring medications (such as iron dextran) into the subcutaneous tissue. It also may be used in elderly patients who have decreased muscle mass. Lateral displacement of the skin during the injection helps seal the drug in the muscle.

Which correct step should you take when giving a Z-track injection? ›

Holding it taut, quickly and smoothly insert the needle into the muscle at a 90-degree angle. Continue to hold the skin taut with your nondominant hand. With your dominant hand, aspirate for 5 to 10 seconds. If no blood returns with aspiration, slowly inject the medication (10 seconds/ml).

What is the Z-track method quizlet? ›

The Z-track method of intra-muscular (I.M.) injection is used primarily when giving dark-colored medication solutions, such as iron solutions, that can stain the subcutaneous tissue or skin.

Which technique should the practical nurse use to give a Z-track intramuscular IM injection? ›

With the dominant hand, inject the needle quickly into the muscle at a 90-degree angle using a steady and smooth motion. Rationale: The Z-track technique creates a zigzag path through tissues that seals the needle track to avoid tracking medication.

What are the complications of Z-track technique? ›

Risks and Side Effects

Z-track injection is generally considered a common and safe procedure. Mild side effects include swelling, site pain, and bruising. Less common, but more serious risks include: formation of abscess.

Is the z-track method best practice? ›

Studies have shown that the Z-track method of intramuscular injections significantly reduces the amount of leakage post-injection. Z-track also reduces pain and irritation at the injection site. The Z-track method should continue to be implemented in nursing practice.

Which muscle is usually recommended for Z track injections? ›

The injection site is in the middle of the deltoid muscle, about 2.5 to 5 cm (1 to 2 inches) below the acromion process. To locate this area, lay three fingers across the deltoid muscle and below the acromion process. The injection site is generally three finger widths below, in the middle of the muscle.

What should you do before administering an injection? ›

Always perform hand hygiene before and after preparing the injection and before and after administering the injection with facility-approved, alcohol-based hand sanitizer or soap and water. See more information about performing effective hand hygiene in the “Aseptic Technique” chapter.

How do you give an IM injection patient education? ›

Hold the muscle around the spot with your thumb and index finger. With a quick firm thrust, put the needle into the muscle straight up and down, at a 90 degree angle. Push the medicine into the muscle. Pull the needle straight out.

How does the Z track technique contribute to patient safety and effective medication administration? ›

Z- tracking: A technique used to prevent medication leakage, particularly for oily injections. Displace the skin and subcutaneous tissue by pulling the skin laterally or downward from the injection site. Holding it taut, quickly and smoothly insert the needle into the muscle at a 90-degree angle.

Which muscle is usually recommended for Z-track injections? ›

The injection site is in the middle of the deltoid muscle, about 2.5 to 5 cm (1 to 2 inches) below the acromion process. To locate this area, lay three fingers across the deltoid muscle and below the acromion process. The injection site is generally three finger widths below, in the middle of the muscle.

What is the Z technique for ascitic tap? ›

The Z-track technique is used for paracentesis. It produces a non-linear track between the dermis and the peritoneum, and this serves to decrease the chance of ascitic fluid leakage through the track.

Which statement by the patient is an indication to use the Z-track method? ›

ANS: B The last shot like that turned my skin colors. The Z-track is indicated when the medication being administered has the potential to irritate sensitive tissues. The Z-track method is not meant to reduce discomfort from the procedure. If a patient is allergic to a medication, it should not be administered.

What happens if you accidentally inject air into muscle? ›

Injecting a small air bubble into the skin or a muscle is usually harmless. But it might mean you aren't getting the full dose of medicine, because the air takes up space in the syringe.

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